List of living former members of the United States Cabinet
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The following is a list of living former members of the United States Cabinet. In the political system established by the United States Constitution, the President is authorized to seek advice from the principal officers of the various departments as he (or she) performs their official duties. A president's cabinet is composed of these principal officers.
Currently, the officials comprising the president's cabinet include the: Secretary of State, Secretary of the Treasury, Secretary of Defense, Attorney General, Secretary of the Interior, Secretary of Agriculture, Secretary of Commerce, Secretary of Labor, Secretary of Health and Human Services, Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, Secretary of Transportation, Secretary of Energy, Secretary of Education, Secretary of Veterans Affairs, and Secretary of Homeland Security. It formerly also included the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare. Individuals who served in this capacity are listed here. Not listed, are persons who served in positions considered to be of cabinet level, but which are not part of the Cabinet, such as the Vice President, the Director of the Office of Management and Budget, and the United States Trade Representative.
Cabinet members from each of the ten most recent presidential administrations (since the presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson, 1963–1969) are still living, including all former cabinet members from the George W. Bush, Obama and Trump administrations. The oldest living former cabinet member is George P. Shultz, Secretary of Labor and Secretary of the Treasury during the Nixon Administration and Secretary of State during the Reagan Administration. The youngest living former cabinet member is John King Jr., Secretary of Education during the Obama Administration.
Contents
- 1 L. B. Johnson Administration (1963–1969)
- 2 Nixon Administration (1969–1974)
- 3 Ford Administration (1974–1977)
- 4 Carter Administration (1977–1981)
- 5 Reagan Administration (1981–1989)
- 6 G. H. W. Bush Administration (1989–1993)
- 7 Clinton Administration (1993–2001)
- 8 G. W. Bush Administration (2001–2009)
- 9 Obama Administration (2009–2017)
- 10 Trump Administration (2017–Present)
- 11 Notes
- 12 References
L. B. Johnson Administration (1963–1969)[edit]
There are two former members of Lyndon B. Johnson's Cabinet still living.
Name | Position | Tenure | Birthdate | Age |
---|---|---|---|---|
Alan Boyd | Secretary of Transportation | January 16, 1967 – January 20, 1969 | July 20, 1922 | 95 years, 134 days |
Ramsey Clark | Attorney General | March 10, 1967 – January 20, 1969 | December 18, 1927 | 89 years, 348 days |
Nixon Administration (1969–1974)[edit]
There are four former members of Richard Nixon's Cabinet still living.
Name | Position | Tenure | Birthdate | Age |
---|---|---|---|---|
Frederick Dent | Secretary of Commerce | February 2, 1973 – August 9, 1974[a] | August 17, 1922 | 95 years, 106 days |
Henry Kissinger[1] | Secretary of State | September 22, 1973 – August 9, 1974[a] | May 27, 1923 | 94 years, 188 days |
Peter Peterson | Secretary of Commerce | February 29, 1972 – February 1, 1973 | June 5, 1926 | 91 years, 179 days |
George Shultz[2] | Secretary of Labor Secretary of the Treasury |
January 22, 1969 – July 1, 1970 June 12, 1972 – May 8, 1974[b] |
December 13, 1920 | 96 years, 353 days |
Ford Administration (1974–1977)[edit]
There are six former members of Gerald Ford's Cabinet still living.
Name | Position | Tenure | Birthdate | Age |
---|---|---|---|---|
Frederick Dent | Secretary of Commerce | August 9, 1974 – March 26, 1975 | August 17, 1922 | 95 years, 106 days |
Carla Hills | Secretary of Housing and Urban Development | March 10, 1975 – January 20, 1977 | January 3, 1934 | 83 years, 332 days |
Henry Kissinger[1] | Secretary of State | August 9, 1974 – January 20, 1977 | May 27, 1923 | 94 years, 188 days |
John Knebel | Secretary of Agriculture | November 4, 1976 – January 20, 1977 | October 4, 1936 | 81 years, 58 days |
David Mathews | Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare[c] | August 8, 1975 – January 20, 1977 | December 6, 1935 | 81 years, 360 days |
Donald Rumsfeld | Secretary of Defense | November 20, 1975 – January 20, 1977[d] | July 9, 1932 | 85 years, 145 days |
Carter Administration (1977–1981)[edit]
There are nine former members of Jimmy Carter's Cabinet still living.
Name | Position | Tenure | Birthdate | Age |
---|---|---|---|---|
Robert Bergland | Secretary of Agriculture | January 23, 1977 – January 20, 1981 | July 22, 1928 | 89 years, 132 days |
Michael Blumenthal | Secretary of the Treasury | January 23, 1977 – August 4, 1979 | January 3, 1926 | 91 years, 332 days |
Harold Brown | Secretary of Defense | January 21, 1977 – January 20, 1981 | September 19, 1927 | 90 years, 73 days |
Joseph Califano | Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare[c] | January 25, 1977 – August 3, 1979 | May 15, 1931 | 86 years, 200 days |
Benjamin Civiletti | Attorney General | August 16, 1979 – January 19, 1981 | July 17, 1935 | 82 years, 137 days |
Charles Duncan[3] | Secretary of Energy | August 24, 1979 – January 20, 1981 | September 9, 1926 | 91 years, 83 days |
Neil Goldschmidt | Secretary of Transportation | August 15, 1979 – January 20, 1981 | June 16, 1940 | 77 years, 168 days |
Moon Landrieu | Secretary of Housing and Urban Development | September 24, 1979 – January 20, 1981 | July 23, 1930 | 87 years, 131 days |
Ray Marshall | Secretary of Labor | January 27, 1977 – January 20, 1981 | August 22, 1928 | 89 years, 101 days |
Reagan Administration (1981–1989)[edit]
There are 18 former members of Ronald Reagan's Cabinet still living.
Name | Position | Tenure | Birthdate | Age |
---|---|---|---|---|
James Baker[4] | Secretary of the Treasury | February 4, 1985 – August 17, 1988[e] | April 28, 1930 | 87 years, 217 days |
William Bennett | Secretary of Education | February 6, 1985 – September 20, 1988 | July 31, 1943 | 74 years, 151 days |
John Block | Secretary of Agriculture | January 23, 1981 – February 14, 1986 | February 15, 1935 | 82 years, 289 days |
Nicholas Brady | Secretary of the Treasury | September 15, 1988 – January 20, 1989[f] | April 11, 1930 | 87 years, 234 days |
Bill Brock | Secretary of Labor | April 29, 1985 – October 31, 1987 | November 23, 1930 | 87 years, 8 days |
James Burnley | Secretary of Transportation | December 2, 1987 – January 30, 1989 | July 30, 1948 | 69 years, 124 days |
Frank Carlucci | Secretary of Defense | November 23, 1987 – January 20, 1989 | October 18, 1930 | 87 years, 44 days |
Lauro Cavazos | Secretary of Education | September 20, 1988 – January 20, 1989[f] | January 4, 1927 | 90 years, 331 days |
Elizabeth Dole | Secretary of Transportation | February 7, 1983 – September 30, 1987[g] | July 29, 1936 | 81 years, 125 days |
Ray Donovan | Secretary of Labor | February 4, 1981 – March 15, 1985 | August 31, 1930 | 87 years, 92 days |
Margaret Heckler | Secretary of Health and Human Services | March 9, 1983 – December 13, 1985 | June 21, 1931 | 86 years, 163 days |
John Herrington[3] | Secretary of Energy | February 7, 1985 – January 20, 1989 | May 31, 1939 | 78 years, 184 days |
Donald Hodel[3] | Secretary of Energy Secretary of the Interior |
November 5, 1982 – February 7, 1985 February 8, 1985 – January 20, 1989 |
May 23, 1935 | 82 years, 192 days |
Ann Korologos | Secretary of Labor | December 17, 1987 – January 20, 1989 | November 16, 1941 | 76 years, 15 days |
Edwin Meese | Attorney General | February 25, 1985 – July 5, 1988 | December 2, 1931 | 85 years, 364 days |
George Shultz[2] | Secretary of State | July 16, 1982 – January 20, 1989 | December 13, 1920 | 96 years, 353 days |
Dick Thornburgh | Attorney General | August 15, 1988 – January 20, 1989[f] | July 16, 1932 | 85 years, 138 days |
James Watt | Secretary of the Interior | January 23, 1981 – November 8, 1983 | January 31, 1938 | 79 years, 304 days |
G. H. W. Bush Administration (1989–1993)[edit]
There are 14 former members of George H. W. Bush's Cabinet still living.
Name | Position | Tenure | Birthdate | Age |
---|---|---|---|---|
Lamar Alexander | Secretary of Education | March 22, 1991 – January 20, 1993 | July 3, 1940 | 77 years, 151 days |
James Baker[4] | Secretary of State | January 20, 1989 – August 23, 1992 | April 28, 1930 | 87 years, 217 days |
William Barr | Attorney General | November 26, 1991 – January 20, 1993 | May 23, 1950 | 67 years, 192 days |
Nicholas Brady | Secretary of the Treasury | January 20, 1989 – January 17, 1993 | April 11, 1930 | 87 years, 234 days |
Andrew Card | Secretary of Transportation | February 24, 1992 – January 20, 1993 | May 10, 1947 | 70 years, 205 days |
Lauro Cavazos | Secretary of Education | January 20, 1989 – December 12, 1990 | January 4, 1927 | 90 years, 331 days |
Dick Cheney | Secretary of Defense | March 20, 1989 – January 20, 1993 | January 30, 1941 | 76 years, 305 days |
Elizabeth Dole | Secretary of Labor | January 25, 1989 – November 23, 1990 | July 29, 1936 | 81 years, 125 days |
Barbara Franklin | Secretary of Commerce | February 27, 1992 – January 20, 1993 | March 19, 1940 | 77 years, 257 days |
Manuel Lujan | Secretary of the Interior | February 3, 1989 – January 20, 1993 | May 12, 1928 | 89 years, 203 days |
Lynn Martin | Secretary of Labor | February 22, 1991 – January 20, 1993 | December 26, 1939 | 77 years, 340 days |
Samuel Skinner | Secretary of Transportation | February 6, 1989 – December 15, 1991 | June 10, 1938 | 79 years, 174 days |
Louis Sullivan | Secretary of Health and Human Services | March 1, 1989 – January 20, 1993 | November 3, 1933 | 84 years, 28 days |
Dick Thornburgh | Attorney General | January 20, 1989 – August 15, 1991 | July 16, 1932 | 85 years, 138 days |
Clinton Administration (1993–2001)[edit]
There are 22 former members of Bill Clinton's Cabinet still living.
Name | Position | Tenure | Birthdate | Age |
---|---|---|---|---|
Madeleine Albright[5] | Secretary of State | January 23, 1997–January 20, 2001 | May 15, 1937 | 80 years, 200 days |
Bruce Babbitt | Secretary of the Interior | January 22, 1993 – January 2, 2001 | June 27, 1938 | 79 years, 157 days |
Henry Cisneros | Secretary of Housing and Urban Development | January 22, 1993 – January 19, 1997 | June 11, 1947 | 70 years, 173 days |
William Cohen | Secretary of Defense | January 24, 1997 – January 20, 2001 | August 28, 1940 | 77 years, 95 days |
Andrew Cuomo | Secretary of Housing and Urban Development | January 29, 1997 – January 20, 2001 | December 6, 1957 | 59 years, 360 days |
William Daley | Secretary of Commerce | January 30, 1997 – July 19, 2000 | August 8, 1948 | 69 years, 115 days |
Mike Espy | Secretary of Agriculture | January 22, 1993 – December 31, 1994 | November 30, 1953 | 64 years, 1 day |
Dan Glickman | Secretary of Agriculture | March 30, 1995 – January 19, 2001 | November 24, 1944 | 73 years, 7 days |
Alexis Herman | Secretary of Labor | May 1, 1997 – January 20, 2001 | July 16, 1947 | 70 years, 167 days |
Mickey Kantor | Secretary of Commerce | April 12, 1996 – January 21, 1997 | August 7, 1939 | 78 years, 116 days |
Norman Mineta | Secretary of Commerce | July 20, 2000 – January 20, 2001[h] | November 12, 1931 | 86 years, 19 days |
Hazel O'Leary[3] | Secretary of Energy | January 22, 1993 – January 20, 1997 | May 17, 1937 | 80 years, 198 days |
Federico Peña[3] | Secretary of Transportation Secretary of Energy |
January 21, 1993 – February 14, 1997 March 12, 1997 – June 30, 1998 |
March 15, 1947 | 70 years, 261 days |
William Perry | Secretary of Defense | February 3, 1994 – January 23, 1997 | October 11, 1927 | 90 years, 51 days |
Robert Reich | Secretary of Labor | January 22, 1993 – January 10, 1997 | June 24, 1946 | 71 years, 160 days |
Bill Richardson[3] | Secretary of Energy | August 18, 1998 – January 20, 2001 | November 15, 1947 | 70 years, 16 days |
Richard Riley | Secretary of Education | January 21, 1993 – January 20, 2001 | January 2, 1933 | 84 years, 333 days |
Robert Rubin | Secretary of the Treasury | January 11, 1995 – July 2, 1999 | August 29, 1938 | 79 years, 94 days |
Donna Shalala | Secretary of Health and Human Services | January 22, 1993 – January 20, 2001 | February 14, 1941 | 76 years, 290 days |
Rodney Slater | Secretary of Transportation | February 14, 1997 – January 20, 2001 | February 23, 1955 | 62 years, 281 days |
Lawrence Summers | Secretary of the Treasury | July 2, 1999 – January 20, 2001 | November 30, 1954 | 63 years, 1 day |
Togo West | Secretary of Veterans Affairs | May 5, 1998 – July 10, 2000 | June 21, 1942 | 75 years, 163 days |
G. W. Bush Administration (2001–2009)[edit]
There are 34 former members of George W. Bush's Cabinet still living.
Name | Position | Tenure | Birthdate | Age |
---|---|---|---|---|
Spencer Abraham[3] | Secretary of Energy | January 20, 2001 – February 1, 2005 | June 12, 1952 | 65 years, 172 days |
John Ashcroft | Attorney General | February 2, 2001 – February 3, 2005 | May 9, 1942 | 75 years, 206 days |
Samuel Bodman[3] | Secretary of Energy | January 31, 2005 – January 20, 2009 | November 26, 1938 | 79 years, 5 days |
Elaine Chao | Secretary of Labor | January 29, 2001 – January 20, 2009[i] | March 26, 1953 | 64 years, 250 days |
Michael Chertoff | Secretary of Homeland Security | February 15, 2005 – January 21, 2009 | November 28, 1953 | 64 years, 3 days |
Donald Evans | Secretary of Commerce | January 20, 2001 – February 7, 2005 | July 27, 1946 | 71 years, 127 days |
Robert Gates | Secretary of Defense | December 18, 2006 – January 20, 2009[j] | September 25, 1943 | 74 years, 67 days |
Alberto Gonzales | Attorney General | February 3, 2005 – September 17, 2007 | August 4, 1955 | 62 years, 119 days |
Carlos Gutierrez | Secretary of Commerce | February 7, 2005 – January 20, 2009 | November 4, 1953 | 64 years, 27 days |
Alphonso Jackson | Secretary of Housing and Urban Development | March 31, 2004 – April 18, 2008 | September 9, 1945 | 72 years, 83 days |
Mike Johanns | Secretary of Agriculture | January 21, 2005 – September 20, 2007 | June 18, 1950 | 67 years, 166 days |
Dirk Kempthorne | Secretary of the Interior | June 7, 2006 – January 20, 2009 | October 29, 1951 | 66 years, 33 days |
Mike Leavitt | Secretary of Health and Human Services | January 26, 2005 – January 20, 2009 | February 11, 1951 | 66 years, 293 days |
Mel Martínez | Secretary of Housing and Urban Development | January 24, 2001 – December 13, 2003 | October 23, 1946 | 71 years, 39 days |
Norman Mineta | Secretary of Transportation | January 25, 2001 – July 7, 2006 | November 12, 1931 | 86 years, 19 days |
Michael Mukasey | Attorney General | November 9, 2007 – January 20, 2009 | July 28, 1941 | 76 years, 126 days |
Jim Nicholson | Secretary of Veterans Affairs | January 26, 2005 – October 1, 2007 | February 4, 1938 | 79 years, 300 days |
Gale Norton | Secretary of the Interior | January 31, 2001 – March 31, 2006 | March 11, 1954 | 63 years, 265 days |
Paul O'Neill | Secretary of the Treasury | January 20, 2001 – December 31, 2002 | December 4, 1935 | 81 years, 362 days |
Rod Paige | Secretary of Education | January 20, 2001 – January 20, 2005 | June 17, 1933 | 84 years, 167 days |
Henry Paulson | Secretary of the Treasury | July 3, 2006 – January 20, 2009 | March 28, 1946 | 71 years, 248 days |
James Peake | Secretary of Veterans Affairs | December 20, 2007 – January 20, 2009 | June 18, 1944 | 73 years, 166 days |
Mary Peters | Secretary of Transportation | October 17, 2006 – January 20, 2009 | December 4, 1948 | 68 years, 362 days |
Colin Powell[6] | Secretary of State | January 20, 2001 – January 26, 2005 | April 5, 1937 | 80 years, 240 days |
Steve Preston | Secretary of Housing and Urban Development | June 5, 2008 – January 20, 2009 | August 4, 1960 | 57 years, 119 days |
Anthony Principi | Secretary of Veterans Affairs | January 23, 2001 – January 26, 2005 | April 16, 1944 | 73 years, 229 days |
Condoleezza Rice[7] | Secretary of State | January 26, 2005 – January 20, 2009 | November 14, 1954 | 63 years, 17 days |
Tom Ridge | Secretary of Homeland Security | January 24, 2003 – February 1, 2005 | August 26, 1945 | 72 years, 97 days |
Donald Rumsfeld | Secretary of Defense | January 20, 2001 – December 18, 2006 | July 9, 1932 | 85 years, 145 days |
Ed Schafer | Secretary of Agriculture | January 28, 2008 – January 20, 2009 | August 8, 1946 | 71 years, 115 days |
John Snow | Secretary of the Treasury | February 3, 2003 – June 28, 2006 | August 2, 1939 | 78 years, 121 days |
Margaret Spellings | Secretary of Education | January 20, 2005 – January 20, 2009 | November 30, 1957 | 60 years, 1 day |
Tommy Thompson | Secretary of Health and Human Services | February 2, 2001 – January 26, 2005 | November 19, 1941 | 76 years, 12 days |
Ann Veneman | Secretary of Agriculture | January 20, 2001 – January 20, 2005 | June 29, 1949 | 68 years, 155 days |
Obama Administration (2009–2017)[edit]
There are 32 former members of Barack Obama's Cabinet still living.
Name | Position | Tenure | Birthdate | Age |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sylvia Mathews Burwell | Secretary of Health and Human Services | June 9, 2014 – January 20, 2017 | June 23, 1965 | 52 years, 161 days |
John Bryson | Secretary of Commerce | October 21, 2011 – June 21, 2012 | July 24, 1943 | 74 years, 130 days |
Julian Castro | Secretary of Housing and Urban Development | July 28, 2014 – January 20, 2017 | September 16, 1974 | 43 years, 76 days |
Ashton Carter | Secretary of Defense | February 17, 2015 – January 20, 2017 | September 24, 1954 | 63 years, 68 days |
Steven Chu[3] | Secretary of Energy | January 21, 2009 – April 22, 2013 | February 28, 1948 | 69 years, 276 days |
Hillary Clinton[8] | Secretary of State | January 21, 2009 – February 1, 2013 | October 26, 1947 | 70 years, 36 days |
Shaun Donovan | Secretary of Housing and Urban Development | January 26, 2009 – July 28, 2014 | January 24, 1966 | 51 years, 311 days |
Arne Duncan | Secretary of Education | January 21, 2009 – January 1, 2016 | November 6, 1964 | 53 years, 25 days |
Anthony Foxx | Secretary of Transportation | July 2, 2013 – January 20, 2017 | April 30, 1971 | 46 years, 215 days |
Robert Gates | Secretary of Defense | January 20, 2009 – June 30, 2011 | September 25, 1943 | 74 years, 67 days |
Timothy Geithner | Secretary of the Treasury | January 26, 2009 – January 25, 2013 | August 18, 1961 | 56 years, 105 days |
Chuck Hagel | Secretary of Defense | February 27, 2013 – February 17, 2015 | October 4, 1946 | 71 years, 58 days |
Eric Holder | Attorney General | February 3, 2009 – April 27, 2015 | January 21, 1951 | 66 years, 314 days |
Sally Jewell | Secretary of the Interior | April 12, 2013 – January 20, 2017 | February 21, 1956 | 61 years, 283 days |
Jeh Johnson | Secretary of Homeland Security | December 23, 2013 – January 20, 2017 | September 11, 1957 | 60 years, 81 days |
John Kerry | Secretary of State | February 1, 2013 – January 20, 2017 | December 11, 1943 | 73 years, 355 days |
John King Jr. | Secretary of Education | March 14, 2016 – January 20, 2017 | 1975 | 41–42 |
Ray LaHood | Secretary of Transportation | January 23, 2009 – July 2, 2013 | December 6, 1945 | 71 years, 360 days |
Jacob Lew | Secretary of the Treasury | February 28, 2013 – January 20, 2017 | August 29, 1955 | 62 years, 94 days |
Gary Locke | Secretary of Commerce | March 26, 2009 – August 1, 2011 | January 21, 1950 | 67 years, 314 days |
Loretta Lynch | Attorney General | April 27, 2015 – January 20, 2017 | May 21, 1959 | 58 years, 194 days |
Robert A. McDonald | Secretary of Veterans Affairs | July 30, 2014 – January 20, 2017 | June 20, 1953 | 64 years, 164 days |
Ernest Moniz | Secretary of Energy | May 21, 2013 – January 20, 2017 | December 22, 1944 | 72 years, 344 days |
Janet Napolitano | Secretary of Homeland Security | January 21, 2009 – September 6, 2013 | November 29, 1957 | 60 years, 2 days |
Leon Panetta | Secretary of Defense | July 1, 2011 – February 27, 2013 | June 28, 1938 | 79 years, 156 days |
Thomas Perez | Secretary of Labor | July 23, 2013 – January 20, 2017 | October 7, 1961 | 56 years, 55 days |
Penny Pritzker | Secretary of Commerce | June 26, 2013 – January 20, 2017 | May 2, 1959 | 58 years, 213 days |
Ken Salazar | Secretary of the Interior | January 20, 2009 – April 12, 2013 | March 2, 1955 | 62 years, 274 days |
Kathleen Sebelius | Secretary of Health and Human Services | April 28, 2009 – June 9, 2014 | May 15, 1948 | 69 years, 200 days |
Eric Shinseki | Secretary of Veterans Affairs | January 21, 2009 – May 30, 2014 | November 28, 1942 | 75 years, 3 days |
Hilda Solis | Secretary of Labor | February 24, 2009 – January 22, 2013 | October 20, 1957 | 60 years, 42 days |
Tom Vilsack | Secretary of Agriculture | January 20, 2009 – January 13, 2017 | December 13, 1950 | 66 years, 353 days |
Trump Administration (2017–Present)[edit]
There are two former members of Donald Trump's Cabinet still living.
Name | Position | Tenure | Birthdate | Age |
---|---|---|---|---|
John F. Kelly | Secretary of Homeland Security | January 20, 2017 – July 31, 2017 | May 11, 1950 | 67 years, 204 days |
Tom Price | Secretary of Health and Human Services | February 10, 2017 – September 29, 2017 | October 8, 1954 | 63 years, 54 days |
Notes[edit]
- ^ a b Continued in the same capacity in the Ford Administration.
- ^ Later served as Secretary of State in the Reagan Administration.
- ^ a b Department now named Health and Human Services.
- ^ Later served as Secretary of Defense in the George W. Bush Administration.
- ^ Later served as Secretary of State in the George H. W. Bush Administration.
- ^ a b c Continued in the same capacity in the George H. W. Bush Administration.
- ^ Later served as Secretary of Labor in the George H. W. Bush Administration.
- ^ Later served as Secretary of Transportation in the George W. Bush Administration.
- ^ Later served as Secretary of Transportation in the Trump Administration.
- ^ Continued in the same capacity in the Obama Administration.
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References[edit]
- ^ a b "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Henry A. (Heinz Alfred) Kissinger (1923–)". Office of the Historian, Bureau of Public Affairs, United States Department of State. Retrieved October 17, 2016.
- ^ a b "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: George Pratt Shultz (1920–)". Office of the Historian, Bureau of Public Affairs, United States Department of State. Retrieved October 17, 2016.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "Secretaries of Energy". Office of Management, United States Department of Energy. Retrieved October 17, 2016.
- ^ a b "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: James Addison Baker III (1930–)". Office of the Historian, Bureau of Public Affairs, United States Department of State. Retrieved October 17, 2016.
- ^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Madeleine Korbel Albright (1937–)". Office of the Historian, Bureau of Public Affairs, United States Department of State. Retrieved October 17, 2016.
- ^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Colin Luther Powell (1937–)". Office of the Historian, Bureau of Public Affairs, United States Department of State. Retrieved October 17, 2016.
- ^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Condoleezza Rice (1954–)". Office of the Historian, Bureau of Public Affairs, United States Department of State. Retrieved October 17, 2016.
- ^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Hillary Rodham Clinton (1947–)". Office of the Historian, Bureau of Public Affairs, United States Department of State. Retrieved October 17, 2016.